Recognizing
Congestive
Heart Failure
© William Herring, MD, FACR
Congestive Heart Failure
X-ray patterns
Pulmonary Interstitial Edema
Pulmonary Alveolar Edema
Congestive Heart Failure
Four Signs of Pulmonary interstitial edema
Thickening of the interlobular septa
Kerley B lines
Peribronchial cuffing
Wall is normally hairline thin
Thickening of the fissures
Fluid in the subpleural space in
continuity with interlobular septa
Pleural effusions
Normal
5-10 mm Hg
Cephalization
10-15 mm
Kerley B Lines
15-20
Pulmonary Interstitial Edema
20-25
Pulmonary Alveolar Edema
> 25
Left Atrial Pressures
Correlated With Pathologic Findings
Kerley B Lines
B=distended interlobular septa
Location and appearance
Bases
1-2 cm long
Horizontal in direction
Perpendicular to pleural surface
Multiple Kerley B lines at
the left lung base
These are faint white
lines perpendicular to
the pleural surface and
1-2cm long
Kerley A and C Lines
A=connective tissue near bronchoarterial
bundle distends with fluid
Location and appearance
Near hilum
Run obliquely
Longer than B lines
C=reticular network of lines
C Lines probably don’t exist
Intersecting
network of lines
are Kerley A lines
in proper clinical
setting
Peribronchial Cuffing
Bronchial wall usually not visible
Interstitial fluid accumulates around bronchi
Causes thickening of bronchial wall
When seen on end, looks like little “doughnuts”
Only meaningful when seen distal to hilar area;
peribronchial cuffing may be normal in hila
Numerous small circular
“doughnuts” seen in
lung represent fluid in
bronchial walls when
seen in conjunction with
other signs of CHF
Fluid in The Fissures
Fluid collects in the subpleural space
Between visceral pleura and lung
parenchyma
Normal fissure is thickness of a
sharpened pencil line
Fluid may collect in any fissure
Major, minor, accessory fissures, azygous
fissure
Fluid in the minor fissure
Fissures may be seen
normally but are usually
no thicker than the point
of a sharpened pencil
Pleural Effusion
Either in the pleural space or subpleural in
location
Laminar effusions collect beneath visceral
pleura (subpleural)
In loose connective tissue between lung and
pleura
Same location as “pseudotumors”
Laminar effusion in CHF
A laminar effusion
actually collects in the
loose connective tissue
just inside the visceral
pleura
Congestive Heart Failure
Pulmonary alveolar edema
Fluffy, indistinct patchy densities
Outer third of lung frequently spared
Bat-wing or butterfly configuration
Lower lung zones more affected than
upper
Pulmonary alveolar
edema has a
“butterfly” or “bat-
wing” configuration
Pulmonary Alveolar Edema
Clearing
Generally clears in 3 days or less
Resolution usually begins peripherally
and moves centrally
Pulmonary Edema
Types
Cardiogenic
Neurogenic
Increased capillary permeability
E.g. Allergic reactions
Congestive Heart Failure
Common Causes of
Coronary artery disease
Hypertension
Cardiomyopathy
Valvular lesions
AS, MS
L to R shunts
Congestive Heart Failure
Clinical
Usually from left heart failure
Shortness of breath
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Orthopnea
Cough
Right heart failure
Edema
Take Home Points
The four reliable signs of CHF are:
Kerley B lines
Fluid in the fissures
Peribronchial cuffing
Pleural effusion
NOT cardiomegaly
NOT cephalization
Which of the following
patients has CHF?
Answer follows on slide after question
Quiz
Does this patient have CHF?
Answer follows on next slide
Yes, this is CHF
There are B
lines at the
right lung base
and a right
laminar
effusion
Does this patient have CHF?
Answer follows on next slide
Yes, this is CHF
There is diffuse
airspace
(alveolar) disease
which has
somewhat of a
“bat-wing”
appearance
characteristic of
pulmonary edema
Answer follows on next slide
Does this patient have CHF?
No, this is not CHF
There are multiple
nodules in both lungs
from metastatic
disease
Answer follows on next slide
Does this patient have CHF?
There are Kerley B lines
visible at both lung bases
Yes, this is CHF
Continue
Congratulations, You Graduate
I know
CHF
when I
see it
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